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Log-Normal Distribution

X ~ LogNormal(μ, σ²)

Lifetime / Skewed-Positive FamilyPublished July 19, 2026

The distribution for skewed, always-positive data (sizes, incomes, concentrations): history from Galton and McAlister's 1879 multiplicative-effects argument, the density and CDF obtained directly from the already-published Normal sheet via X = e^Y where Y = ln X, the classic mu-and-sigma-squared-aren't-the-mean-and-variance pitfall, why the moment generating function provably does not exist despite every ordinary moment being finite, a fully closed-form MLE inherited unchanged from the Normal sheet, and simulation via exponentiating a Normal draw.

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About This Reference Sheet

The distribution for skewed, always-positive data (sizes, incomes, concentrations): history from Galton and McAlister's 1879 multiplicative-effects argument, the density and CDF obtained directly from the already-published Normal sheet via X = e^Y where Y = ln X, the classic mu-and-sigma-squared-aren't-the-mean-and-variance pitfall, why the moment generating function provably does not exist despite every ordinary moment being finite, a fully closed-form MLE inherited unchanged from the Normal sheet, and simulation via exponentiating a Normal draw.

Support

x ∈ (0, ∞)

Parameters

μ ∈ ℝ (log-mean), σ > 0 (log-scale)