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Pareto Distribution

X ~ Pareto(x_m, α)

Power-Law / Heavy-Tailed FamilyPublished July 31, 2026

The 80/20-rule distribution: history from Vilfredo Pareto's 1896 land-ownership observation, the continuous counterpart to the already-published Zipf's law, a stark warning that the mean and variance can silently fail to exist depending on the tail index, a closed-form maximum-likelihood estimator for the shape parameter, and simulation via a log-transform of the Exponential.

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About This Reference Sheet

The 80/20-rule distribution: history from Vilfredo Pareto's 1896 land-ownership observation, the continuous counterpart to the already-published Zipf's law, a stark warning that the mean and variance can silently fail to exist depending on the tail index, a closed-form maximum-likelihood estimator for the shape parameter, and simulation via a log-transform of the Exponential.

Support

x ∈ [x_m, ∞)

Parameters

x_m > 0 (minimum/scale), α > 0 (shape / tail index)